Pesticides, Parkinson’s, and Golf (?)

Living near golf courses has been linked to a significantly higher risk of developing Parkinson’s disease, according to a large study in Minnesota and Western Wisconsin. Individuals living within one mile of a golf course had a 126% higher risk compared to those more than six miles away, with the greatest risk—198% higher—among people residing one to two miles from a course. Beyond three miles, each additional mile of distance reduced risk by about 19%.

This association is likely due to pesticides like paraquat and rotenone used on golf course turf, which can leach into groundwater or drift through the air, impairing mitochondrial function and causing oxidative stress in dopamine-producing neurons.

Because pesticide exposure also comes from dietary and groundwater sources, opting for organic produce is one way to limit intake of harmful chemicals. Although randomized trials directly comparing organic and conventional diets are scarce, observational research consistently shows that individuals who eat primarily organic foods have lower levels of pesticide metabolites in their urine and reduced risks of various health issues.

To further mitigate risk, especially for those living near golf courses or in areas with vulnerable groundwater, installing a home water filtration system (such as reverse osmosis) can help remove pesticide contaminants.

Additionally, the Environmental Working Group’s “Dirty Dozen” and “Clean Fifteen” lists can guide consumers: high-residue fruits and vegetables (e.g., strawberries, spinach, apples) are best bought organic, while those with low pesticide residues (e.g., avocados, sweetcorn, pineapples) are relatively safer when conventionally grown.

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