Micronutrient deficiencies—particularly in iron, zinc, folate, vitamin A, calcium, and vitamin B₁₂—remain a serious global problem, affecting both low- and middle-income countries and vulnerable groups in wealthier nations, such as women of reproductive age and adolescents.
Diets worldwide often lack sufficient concentrations and bioavailability of these “priority” vitamins and minerals, a situation made worse by factors like rising CO₂ levels that diminish nutrient content in staple crops.
Beyond these priority micronutrients, many populations also fall short on other essential vitamins and minerals (e.g., vitamins C, E, B-complex, potassium, magnesium), as well as adequate protein, essential fatty acids, and calories.
At the same time, diets may contain excesses of harmful compounds—added sugars, sodium, trans fats, and contaminants—highlighting the need for a better understanding of food nutrient density, processing impacts, and the role of both beneficial bioactive components and potentially dangerous additives.
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