Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a metabolic enzyme primarily located in the bone, liver, and biliary tract, though it is also found in other tissues. ALP participates in processes like bone calcification and protein phosphorylation and functions at an alkaline pH. Levels increase with normal bone growth, bone disorders, and hepatobiliary disease, conditions that can be differentiated by measuring specific ALP isoenzymes and GGT levels.
Both hepatic and nonhepatic factors, as well as certain medications, can affect ALP. Elevated ALP may also serve as an inflammation and atherosclerosis marker and could indicate increased vascular calcification.
Low ALP levels are often seen in conditions such as hypothyroidism, celiac disease, and malnutrition. Lower ALP levels may signal nutrient deficiencies, particularly zinc, and magnesium.
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